top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Journal of Social and Political

Sciences

ISSN 2615-3718 (Online)

ISSN 2621-5675 (Print)

asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
asia insitute of research, journal of social and political sciences, jsp, aior, journal publication, humanities journal, social journa
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 13 June 2023

Social Discourse of Cyber Hate in Indonesia: The Potential Transition from Hate to Crime

Lucky Nurhadiyanto, Adrianus Meliala, Iqrak Sulhin

University of Indonesia

journal of social and political sciences
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1991.06.02.416

Pages: 155-161

Keywords: Crime, Cyber Crime, Cyber Hate, Hate Speech, Social Discourse

Abstract

The dynamics of hate crime have changed as a result of digital media. The emergence of cyberhate waves is one of the manifestations of cyberspace within the context of hate crime. The purpose of this study is to present a social discussion about cyberhate in Indonesia as a sign of the transition from hatred to crime. A qualitative approach is used in this study. These diverse backgrounds serve as the foundation for this study, which aims to investigate the typology of cyber haters in Indonesia, particularly how perpetrators undergo transformation. In other words, the reconstruction of this research problem's background is rooted in the evolution of hate crime, which has undergone changes and encroachments on digital platforms. Cyber haters are one of the slices of the Indonesian study of cyber crime that has not received a special portion. Aside from that, the socio-political context of society influences the dynamics of cyber haters in Indonesia. The internalization of prejudice experienced by perpetrators and its implementation in supportive situations and conditions are inextricably linked to the escalation of cyber hate. Because different types of data are not only part of how social processes are built in qualitative research, but they are also artifacts. Opportunities to access data in greater depth are unique features found in the analysis of cyber haters in Indonesia. The three formulations of the problem indicate that cyber hate is a type of power imbalance that has the potential to cause differences in the definition of crime. Apart from the social form and social action associated with it, cyber hate has a relatively large impact.

References

  1. Andersson, M., Mellgren, C., & Ivert, A.-K. (2018). How Victims Conceptualize Their Experiences of Hate Crime. doi:10.31235/osf.io/53ysc

  2. Asongu, S., Nwachukwu, J., Orim, S.-M., & Pyke, C. (2019). Crime and social media. Information Technology & People, 32(5), 1215-1233. doi:10.1108/itp-06-2018-0280

  3. Bartle, E. E. (2000). Lesbians and Hate Crimes. Journal of Poverty, 4(4), 23-43. doi:10.1300/J134v04n04_02

  4. Bleich, Erik. (2011). The Rise of Hate Speech and Hate Crime Laws in Liberal Democracies. Dimuat di Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 6, July 2011, pp.917-934.

  5. Brax, D., & Munthe, C. (2015). The philosophical aspects of hate crime and hate crime legislation: introducing the special section on the philosophy of hate crime. J Interpers Violence, 30(10), 1687-1695. doi:10.1177/0886260514555374

  6. Celik, S. (2019). Experiences of internet users regarding cyberhate. Information Technology & People, 32(6), 1446-1471. doi:10.1108/itp-01-2018-0009

  7. Disha, I., Cavendish, J. C., & King, R. D. (2011). Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crimes against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America. Social Problems, 58(1), 21-46. doi:10.1525/sp.2011.58.1.21

  8. Douglas, K. M., McGarty, C., Bliuc, A.-M., & Lala, G. (2016). Understanding Cyberhate. Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 68-76. doi:10.1177/0894439304271538

  9. Field, A.-M. (2007). Counter-Hegemonic Citizenship: LGBT Communities and the Politics of Hate Crimes in Canada. Citizenship Studies, 11(3), 247-262. doi:10.1080/17450100701381813

  10. Gale, Lewis R., Heath, Will Carrington., & Ressler, Rand W. (2002). An Economic Analysis of Hate Crime. Dimuat di Eastern Economic Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, Spring 2002, pp. 203-216.

  11. Guichard, A. (2009). Hate crime in cyberspace: the challenges of substantive criminal law. Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), 201-234. doi:10.1080/13600830902814919

  12. Henry, Stuart., & Milovanovic, Dragan. (2000). Constitutive Criminology: Origins, Core Concepts, and Evaluation. Dimuat dalam Social Justice, Vol. 27, No. 2 (80), hlm. 268-290.

  13. Kaplan, J. (2006). Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime1. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(1), 1-33. doi:10.1080/09546550500383209

  14. Kompas. (24 Desember 2017). 11 Kasus Ujaran Kebencian dan Hoaks yang Menonjol Selama 2017. Diakses dari https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2017/12/24/23245851/11-kasus-ujaran-kebencian-dan-hoaks-yang-menonjol-selama-2017?page=all.

  15. Jacks, William & Adler, Joanna R. (2015). A Proposed Typology of Online Hate Crime. Dimuat di Open Access Journal of Forensics Psychology, 7, pp. 64-89.

  16. Jacobs, James B., & Henry, Jessica S. (1996). The Social Construction of A Hate Crime Epidemic. Dimuat di Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 86, No. 2, pp. 366-391.

  17. Jacobs, J. B., & Potter, K. A. (1997). Hate Crimes: A Critical Perspective. Crime and Justice, 22, 1-50. doi:10.1086/449259

  18. Meza, Radu M. (2016). Hate-Speech in the Romanian Online Media. Dimuat di Journal of Media Research, Vol. 9, issue 3 (26)/2016, pp. 55-77.

  19. McDevitt, J., Levin, J., & Bennett, S. (2002). Hate Crime Offenders: An Expanded Typology. Journal ofSocial Issues, 58(2), 303-317.

  20. McMahon, B. T., West, S. L., Lewis, A. N., Armstrong, A. J., & Conway, J. P. (2016). Hate Crimes and Disability in America. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 47(2), 66-75. doi:10.1177/00343552030470020101

  21. Miro-Llinares, F., & Rodriguez-Sala, J. J. (2016). Cyber hate speech on twitter: Analyzing disruptive events from social media to build a violent communication and hate speech taxonomy. International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics, 11(3), 406-415. doi:10.2495/dne-v11-n3-406-415

  22. Naidoo, Kamban. (2016). The Origins of Hate-Crime Laws. Dimuat di Fundamina, Volume 22, Number 1, pp. 53-66.

  23. Nemes, I. (2010). Regulating Hate Speech in Cyberspace: Issues of Desirability and Efficacy. Information & Communications Technology Law, 11(3), 193-220. doi:10.1080/1360083022000031902

  24. Oboler, Andre. (2014). Legal Doctrines Applied to Online Hate Speech.  Dimuat di Computers & Law, Number 87, pp. 9-15.

  25. Perry, B., & Olsson, P. (2009). Cyberhate: the globalization of hate. Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), 185-199. doi:10.1080/13600830902814984

  26. Rasanen, Pekka., dkk. (2016). Targets of Online Hate: Examining Determinants of Victimization Among Young Finnish Facebook Users. Dimuat di Violence and Victims, Volume 31, Number 4, 2016, pp. 708-725.

  27. Reed, C. (2009). The challenge of hate speech online. Information & Communications Technology Law, 18(2), 79-82. doi:10.1080/13600830902812202

  28. Shirlow, Peter., dkk. (2013). Hate Crime: Record or Perception? Dimuat di Space and Polity, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 237-252.

  29. Wang, Y., Yu, W., Liu, S., & Young, S. D. (2019). The Relationship Between Social Media Data and Crime Rates in the United States. Social Media + Society, 5(1). doi:10.1177/2056305119834585

  30. White, R., & Perrone, S. (2010). Racism, Ethnicity and Hate Crime. Communal/Plural, 9(2), 161-181. doi:10.1080/13207870120081479

bottom of page