top of page
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute
Asian Institute of Research, Journal Publication, Journal Academics, Education Journal, Asian Institute

Journal of Health and Medical Sciences

ISSN 2622-7258

Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.09 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.24.02 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.57 AM.png
Screen Shot 2018-08-12 at 1.23.52 AM.png
crossref
doi
open access

Published: 11 April 2022

Prevalence, Risk Factors, Awareness, and Control of Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Urban Slum Area of Bangladesh

Israt Jahan, Salman Mahmud Siddique, Asibul Islam Anik, Marium Salwa, Sabrina Mousum, Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne Towhid, Mohammad Tanvir Islam, Wai Wai Mroy, Md. Maruf Haque Khan, M. Atiqul Haque

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh

journal of social and political sciences
pdf download

Download Full-Text Pdf

doi

10.31014/aior.1994.05.02.208

Pages: 26-34

Keywords: Bangladesh, BMI, Hypertension, Urban Dwellers, WH Ratio

Abstract

Background: Although hypertension was formerly thought to be a disease in affluent countries, recent data suggest that low- and middle-income countries account for three-quarters of the worldwide hypertension burden. Several studies have shown a high prevalence of HTN in Bangladesh, while data on urban slum areas are scarce. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, risk factors, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in an urban slum area of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 602 adults aged 18 years and above living in slum areas of Donia union at Kodomtali Thana, Dhaka, from September to October 2018 by simple random sampling. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the risk factors for hypertension. Results: A quarter of the urban slum dwellers were suffering from hypertension. Higher aged groups, 31 to 45 years [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54-4.27] and 46 and above years [AOR: 5.13; 95% CI: 2.68-9.82], family history of hypertension [AOR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.24-2.99], and obesity [AOR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.34-6.12] were found to be the significant risk factors of hypertension. Middle socio-economic status [AOR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34-0.93] and underweight [AOR: 0.36; 95% CI: 0.15-0.83] showed negative association with hypertension. Among the hypertensive participants, 20.6% were aware of their hypertension, 16.8% were on antihypertensive treatment, and 7.7% had their blood pressure controlled. Conclusion: A high prevalence of hypertension associated with poor awareness and control in an urban slum community needs government initiatives for prevention.

References

  1. Ahmed, S., Tariqujjaman, M., Rahman, M. A., Hasan, M. Z., & Hasan, M. M. (2019). Inequalities in the prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among Bangladeshi adults: evidence from a nationwide survey. International journal for equity in health, 18(1), 33.  doi: 10.1186/s12939-019-0930-5

  2. Aronow W. S. (2017). Association of obesity with hypertension. Annals of translational medicine, 5(17), 350. https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2017.06.69

  3. Bendhari, M. L., Korade, R. S., & Haralkar, S. J. (2016). Study of prevalence and risk factors of hypertension in adults in an urban slum area of Western Maharashtra, India. [Prevalence, Risk factors, Urban slum]. 2016, 3(10), 5. doi: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20163366

  4. Banerjee, S., Mukherjee, T. K., & Basu, S. (2016). Prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension in the slums of Kolkata. Indian heart journal, 68(3), 286–294. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.09.029

  5. Banglapedia. Kadamtali Thana. (2021). https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Kadamtali_Thana

  6. Buford T. W. (2016). Hypertension and aging. Ageing research reviews, 26, 96–111. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.007

  7. Chowdhury, M. A. B., Uddin, M. J., Haque, M. R., & Ibrahimou, B. (2016). Hypertension among adults in Bangladesh: evidence from a national cross-sectional survey. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 16, 22-22. doi: 10.1186/s12872-016-0197-3

  8. Chowdhury, M., Rahman, M., Akter, T., Akhter, T., Ahmed, A., Shovon, M. A., Farhana, Z., Chowdhury, N., & Turin, T. C. (2020). Hypertension prevalence and its trend in Bangladesh: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical hypertension, 26, 10 doi: 10.1186/s40885-020-00143-1

  9. Civeira, F., Recalde, D., García-Otín, A. L., & Cenarro, A. (2008). Genetic Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases. In H. K. Heggenhougen (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (pp. 44-55). Oxford: Academic Press.

  10. Daniel, O. J., Adejumo, O. A., Adejumo, E. N., Owolabi, R. S., & Braimoh, R. W. (2013). Prevalence of hypertension among urban slum dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 90(6), 1016–1025. doi: 10.1007/s11524-013-9795-x

  11. Filmer, D., & Pritchett, L. H. (2001). Estimating wealth effects without expenditure data--or tears: an application to educational enrollments in states of India. Demography, 38(1), 115–132. doi: 10.1353/dem.2001.0003

  12. Gadallah, M., Megid, S. A., Mohsen, A., & Kandil, S. (2018). Hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors among urban slum dwellers in Egypt: a population-based survey. Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit, 24(5), 435–442.  doi: 10.26719/2018.24.5.435

  13. Geldsetzer, P., Manne-Goehler, J., Marcus, M. E., Ebert, C., Zhumadilov, Z., Wesseh, C. S., Tsabedze, L., Supiyev, A., Sturua, L., Bahendeka, S. K., Sibai, A. M., Quesnel-Crooks, S., Norov, B., Mwangi, K. J., Mwalim, O., Wong-McClure, R., Mayige, M. T., Martins, J. S., Lunet, N., Labadarios, D., … Jaacks, L. M. (2019). The state of hypertension care in 44 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative individual-level data from 1·1 million adults. Lancet (London, England), 394(10199), 652–662.  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30955-9

  14. Gupta, R., Kaur, M., Islam, S., Mohan, V., Mony, P., Kumar, R., Kutty, V. R., Iqbal, R., Rahman, O., Deepa, M., Antony, J., Vijaykumar, K., Kazmi, K., Yusuf, R., Mohan, I., Panwar, R. B., Rangarajan, S., & Yusuf, S. (2017). Association of Household Wealth Index, Educational Status, and Social Capital with Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in South Asia. American journal of hypertension, 30(4), 373–381.  doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpw169

  15. Hossain, F. B., Adhikary, G., Chowdhury, A. B., & Shawon, M. (2019). Association between body mass index (BMI) and hypertension in south Asian population: evidence from nationally-representative surveys. Clinical hypertension, 25, 28.  doi: 10.1186/s40885-019-0134-8

  16. Islam, F. M., Bhuiyan, A., Chakrabarti, R., Rahman, M. A., Kanagasingam, Y., & Hiller, J. E. (2016). Undiagnosed hypertension in a rural district in Bangladesh: The Bangladesh Population-based Diabetes and Eye Study (BPDES). Journal of human hypertension, 30(4), 252–259.  doi: 10.1038/jhh.2015.65

  17. Islam, M. (2016). Demographic transition and the emerging windows of opportunities and challenges in Bangladesh. Journal of Population Research, 33. doi: 10.1007/s12546-016-9174-z

  18. Khan, J. A. M., Ahmed, S., MacLennan, M., Sarker, A. R., Sultana, M., & Rahman, H. (2016). Benefit incidence analysis of healthcare in Bangladesh – equity matters for universal health coverage. Health Policy and Planning, 32(3), 359-365. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czw131

  19. Mayega, R. W., Makumbi, F., Rutebemberwa, E., Peterson, S., Östenson, C. G., Tomson, G., & Guwatudde, D. (2012). Modifiable socio-behavioural factors associated with overweight and hypertension among persons aged 35 to 60 years in eastern Uganda. PloS one, 7(10), e47632.  doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047632

  20. Mendez, M. A., Cooper, R., Wilks, R., Luke, A., & Forrester, T. (2003). Income, education, and blood pressure in adults in Jamaica, a middle-income developing country. International journal of epidemiology, 32(3), 400–408. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg083

  21. Mills, K. T., Bundy, J. D., Kelly, T. N., Reed, J. E., Kearney, P. M., Reynolds, K., Chen, J., & He, J. (2016). Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries. Circulation, 134(6), 441–450. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912

  22. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2017). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: A pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet (London, England), 389(10064), 37–55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5

  23. Olack, B., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Smeeth, L., Montgomery, J., Kiwanuka, N., & Breiman, R. (2015). Risk factors of hypertension among adults aged 35-64 years living in an urban slum Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 15. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2610-8

  24. Patel, R. S., Masi, S., & Taddei, S. (2017). Understanding the role of genetics in hypertension. European Heart Journal, 38(29), 2309-2312. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx273

  25. Ramani, V. K., & Suresh, K. P. (2020). Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes morbidity among adults in a few urban slums of Bangalore city, determinants of its risk factors and opportunities for control - A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care, 9(7), 3264-3271. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_234_20

  26. Roth, G. A., Mensah, G. A., Johnson, C. O., Addolorato, G., Ammirati, E., Baddour, L. M., Barengo, N. C., Beaton, A. Z., Benjamin, E. J., Benziger, C. P., Bonny, A., Brauer, M., Brodmann, M., Cahill, T. J., Carapetis, J., Catapano, A. L., Chugh, S. S., Cooper, L. T., Coresh, J., Criqui, M., … GBD-NHLBI-JACC Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases Writing Group (2020). Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 76(25), 2982–3021. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010

  27. Sarki, A. M., Nduka, C. U., Stranges, S., Kandala, N.-B., & Uthman, O. A. (2015). Prevalence of Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Medicine, 94(50).

  28. Schutte, A. E., Venkateshmurthy, N. S., Mohan, S., & Prabhakaran, D. (2021). Hypertension in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Circulation Research, 128(7), 808-826. doi: doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.318729

  29. Tzourio, C. (2007). Hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: an epidemiological perspective. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 9(1), 61-70. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2007.9.1/ctzourio

  30. Uddin, M. J., Alam, N., Koehlmoos, T. P., Sarma, H., Chowdhury, M. A., Alam, D. S., & Niessen, L. (2014). Consequences of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, healthcare-seeking behaviors of patients, and responses of the health system: a population-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health, 14, 547. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-547

  31. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2015). Analysis of the Situation of Children and Women in Bangladesh 2015. https://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/en/children-cities%C2%A0

bottom of page