Journal of Health and Medical Sciences
ISSN 2622-7258
Published: 30 June 2024
Integrated, Decentralized Wastewater Management Use to Improve the Environmental Health of Khartoum Locality Sudan
Faisal Merghani Ibrahim, Bashir Mohammed El Hassan, Ahmed Elnadif Elmanssury, Ahmed Musa Siyam, Safa Abdaalla Dafaallah, Yasir Hayat Mughal, Mahmoud Jaber
Omdurman Islamic University (Sudan), University of Khartoum (Sudan), Qassim University (Saudi Arabia), University of Hail (Saudi Arabia),
Download Full-Text Pdf
10.31014/aior.1994.07.02.321
Pages: 97-108
Keywords: Wastewater Management, BioWin, MapInfo, Recycling, Environmental Impacts, Environmental Consequences, Decentralized
Abstract
The management of water resources and the related disposal of wastewater are essential for human existence and the advancement of contemporary society. Collecting and managing wastewater has a significant effect on local and global economies as well as the environment. Innovation in the field of the environment is of utmost importance in reducing the environmental impacts on systems and in making them more sustainable economically, environmentally and socially. Decentralization is considered an appropriate solution to sustainability problems in liquid waste management programs because it focuses on treating liquid waste on-site, recycling it locally, and taking advantage of the local resources available in domestic wastewater. This research analyzes the needs, appropriate technical methods, and support for water management through decentralized systems. Three considerations will be used to support the choice of a decentralized wastewater treatment system in the Khartoum Locality: $106,000,000. According to the BioWin results, the effectiveness of each alternative household wastewater treatment was comparable. Software such as MapInfo, GPS Area Calculator, BioWin, and GIS was used to reach the targets. Additionally, the results revealed that the decentralized wastewater treatment method, considering its costs, land requirements, and slope effects on the environment, is preferable to centralized wastewater treatment systems. These results serve as a guide for choosing the best wastewater treatment option to increase access to safe sanitation and to integrate decentralized wastewater management to upgrade and improve the environment in the Khartoum Locality.
References
Capodaglio, A.G.; Callegari, A.; Cecconet, D.; Molognoni, D.(2017). Sustainability of decentralized wastewater treatment technologies. Water Pract. Technol., 12.
UNDP Millennium Development GoalsWebsite (2017). Available online: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (accessed on 16 March 2017).
UNDP Millennium Development GoalsWebsite (2017). Available online: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html (accessed on 16 March 2017).
Water, sanitation, hygiene and health: a primer for health professionals. Geneva: (2019),World Health Organization; (WHO/CED/PHE/WSH/19.149). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Risch, E.; Gutierrez, O.; Roux, P.; Boutin, C.; Corominas, L. (2015).Life cycle assessment of urban wastewater systems: Quantifying the relative contribution of sewer systems. Water Res., 77, 35–48. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
UN. The 17 Goals. (2022). Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Sustainable Development.. Available online: https://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed on 18 July 2022).
UNEP. (2002). Environmentally Sound Technologies for Wastewater and Storm water Management: An International Source Book; IWA Publishing, The United Nations Environment Programme, International Environmental Technology Centre: London, UK; Osaka, Japan,.
Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) Statistics, (2018). Republic of Sudan.
Ministry of Irrigation, Khartoum, Sudan, 2013. River Nile Discharges Records taken in 2013.
Jones,E. 1983. “Flow Gauging on the River Thames – the First 100 Years” Hydrological Data1983 www.ceh.ac.uk/.../Flow_Gauging_on_River_Thames_100_Years.pdf
El Moll A .(2023). Eco-innovative technology for wastewater treatment and reuse in MENA region: case of Lebanon. Front. Sustain. 4:1247009. doi: 10.3389/frsus1247009
Capdaglio AG, (2017) Integrated, Decentralized Wastewater Management for Resource Recovery in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas, Resources, 6, 22; doi:10.3390/resources6020022
Balkema, A.J.; Preisig, H.A.; Otterpohl, R.; Lambert, F.J.D. (2002). Indicators for the sustainability assessment of wastewater treatment systems. Urban Water, 4, 153–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef].
Fane, A.G.; Fane, S.A. The role of membrane technology in sustainable centralised wastewater systems. Water Sci. Technol. 2005, 51, 317–325. [PubMed]
Capodaglio, A.G.; Callegari, A.; Molognoni, D. (2016). Online monitoring of priority and dangerous pollutants in natural and urban waters: A state-of-the-art review. Manag. Environ. Qual., 27, 507–536. [CrossRef]
Istenic, D.; Bodík, I.; Bulc, T. (2015). Status of decentralised wastewater treatment systems and barriers for implementation of nature-based systems in central and eastern Europe. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 22, 12879–12884. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chong, M.N.; Ho, A.N.M.; Gardner, T.; Sharma, A.K.; Hood, B. (2013). Assessing decentralised wastewater treatment technologies: Correlating technology selection to system robustness, energy consumption and GHG emission. J. Water Clim. Chang, 4, 338–347. [CrossRef]
WHO. (1992). A Guide to the Development of On-Site Sanitation; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland; p. 229. [Google Scholar].
Ormiston, A.W.; Floyd, R.E. (2004). On-Site Wastewater Systems: Design and Management Manual; Auckland Regional Council: Auckland, New Zealand, Volume 58.
USEPA. Design Manual (1980). Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems; US Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA. p. 409
USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (2014). Onsite Wastewater Treatment System Manual; US Environmental Protection Agency: Washington, DC, USA, 2002; p. 367
Lin, S.D. (2020). Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual, 3rd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY, USA,. [Google Scholar]
Andrea G. (2017). Capodaglio, Integrated, DecentralizedWastewater Management for Resource Recovery in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas, Resources, 6, 22; doi:10.3390/resources6020022.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2012). Status Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management; United Nations Environment Programme: Nairobi, Kenya; p. 119.
Ma, X.C.; Xue, X.; González-Mejía, A.; Garland, J.; Cashdollar, J. (2015). Sustainable water systems for the city of tomorrow—A conceptual framework. Sustainability, 7, 12071–12105. [CrossRef]
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).(1997). Response to Congress on Use of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems; EPA-832-R-97-001b; US EPA Office ofWater: Washington, DC, USA.
Massoud, M.A.; Tarhini, A.; Nasr, J.A. (2009). Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: Applicability in developing countries. J. Environ. Manag, 90, 652–659. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Tchobanoglous, G.; Burton, F.L.; Stensel, H.D.; Metcalf Eddy, Inc.; (2003). Burton, F. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY, USA. [Google Scholar].
Burton, F.L.; Tchobanoglous, G.; Tsuchihashi, R.; Stensel, H.D.; Metcalf Eddy, (2013). Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery; McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY, USA. [Google Scholar].
Environs Associates. Process Model Formulation, (2017). Available online: https://envirosim.com/products/biowin (accessed on 28 January 2018).